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Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Introduction to Virus01:28

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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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The amazing AAV capsids: Into the structure-verse.

Jane Hsi-Bell1, Mario Mietzsch1, Robert McKenna1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.

Molecular Therapy. Methods & Clinical Development
|December 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structural studies of adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids reveal conserved elements and surface variations. This knowledge advances AAV gene therapy vector design for treating human diseases.

Keywords:
AAV vectorX-ray crystallographyadeno-associated viruscapsidcapsid engineeringcryo-EMgene therapypre-existing antibodiesreceptor

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Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Virology
  • Gene therapy

Background:

  • Adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids are crucial for gene therapy vectors.
  • Structural studies over 25 years have enhanced understanding of AAV biology.
  • Recent cryo-electron microscopy advances provide numerous high-resolution AAV capsid structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review available AAV capsid structures.
  • To highlight key discoveries in AAV structural biology.
  • To discuss the future impact of structural biology on AAV gene therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of AAV capsid structures from diverse origins.
  • Examination of AAV structures in complex with receptors, agents, and antibodies.
  • Review of cryo-electron microscopy data.

Main Results:

  • Identification of conserved architectural elements (e.g., jelly-roll fold).
  • Discovery of surface variations influencing receptor interaction and antibody recognition.
  • Structural insights guiding rational capsid engineering for improved gene therapy vectors.

Conclusions:

  • AAV capsid structures are fundamental to understanding viral biology and gene therapy applications.
  • Structural data enables the design of enhanced AAV variants with improved efficacy and specificity.
  • Continued structural biology research will drive innovation in AAV gene therapy.