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Programmable Helical Hierarchy in Coiled Polymer Artificial Muscles.

Boyi Xu1, Feihu Song1, Jiaqiao Liang1

  • 1Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|December 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new fabrication method for polymer artificial muscles, enhancing stroke and payload capacity. This breakthrough enables advanced soft robotics with programmable, multifunctional capabilities.

Keywords:
artificial musclesbiomimetic actuationprogrammable helical hierarchysoft roboticstwisted and coiled polymer

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Robotics
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Achieving large stroke, high payload, and programmability in polymer artificial muscles is difficult due to fabrication limits.
  • Existing polymer muscles face trade-offs between stroke length and payload capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel multilevel helical fabrication scheme for polymer artificial muscles.
  • To overcome the stroke-payload trade-off and expand design possibilities for artificial muscles.
  • To demonstrate multifunctional and localized actuation in soft and biomimetic robots.

Main Methods:

  • A multilevel helical fabrication scheme was developed for polymer fibers.
  • The method allows for stable, large initial coil pitches and programmable helical hierarchies and chirality.
  • Regionally controlled twist-fabrication enabled spatial encoding of hierarchy and chirality within single fibers.

Main Results:

  • Second-order muscles showed improved performance: homochiral muscles achieved 88.1% contractile stroke and a 9-fold payload increase.
  • Heterochiral muscles demonstrated an 860.7% elongation stroke.
  • Third-order muscles enabled four chirality combinations with distinct actuation modes.
  • Demonstrated multifunctional robotic applications, including a robotic arm, worm-like robot, and biomimetic finger.

Conclusions:

  • The developed fabrication scheme significantly enhances polymer artificial muscle performance.
  • Programmable hierarchy and chirality enable multifunctional and localized actuation for advanced robotics.
  • This approach expands the design space for artificial muscles, paving the way for sophisticated soft and biomimetic robots.