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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
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The Patterning Cascade Model and Human Mandibular Premolar Variation.

Molly Militello1,2, Dori E Kenessey3, Christopher M Stojanowski4

  • 1Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.

American Journal of Biological Anthropology
|December 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mandibular premolar variation partially supports the patterning cascade model (PCM). The mesiolingual cusp’s placement significantly influences tooth crown morphology, with 3D measurements offering stronger correlations.

Keywords:
dental morphologydevelopmentpatterning cascade modelpremolars

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Paleodontology
  • Human Anatomy

Background:

  • The patterning cascade model (PCM) explains tooth crown variation by considering tooth size, enamel knot spacing, and inhibitory fields.
  • Understanding mandibular premolar variation is crucial for testing the PCM's predictive power in human dental evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether mandibular premolar variation aligns with predictions derived from the patterning cascade model (PCM).
  • To analyze the influence of cusp number and spacing on mandibular premolar crown morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D scans and 2D images of dental casts from 63 contemporary humans.
  • Collected measurements of crown area, cusp area, and intercusp distances (2D and 3D).
  • Applied statistical analyses including ANOVAs, t-tests, and regressions to assess relationships with lingual cusp number.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in relative intercusp distance were observed between premolars with two versus three lingual cusps.
  • Three-lingual-cusped premolars exhibited smaller mesiolingual cusp areas compared to two-lingual-cusped ones.
  • Both 2D and 3D analyses showed similar trends, with 3D measurements providing stronger correlations for P3s.

Conclusions:

  • Findings partially support the patterning cascade model (PCM) for mandibular premolars.
  • The mesiolingual cusp plays a key role in determining mandibular premolar morphology, likely due to its enamel knot placement and inhibitory field.
  • 3D morphometric analyses offer enhanced insights into cusp height variations and their influence on tooth morphology.