Aucubin attenuates neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated microglial...

Clinical treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains a major challenge for neonatologists, and alternative or complementary treatments are urgently needed. The pathogenesis of HIE is complex, and active ingredients derived from natural medicines, characterized by their multitarget effects and coverage of multiple mechanisms, are attracting increasing research attention. Aucubin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor effects, but its specific role and underlying mechanism in HIE treatment require elucidation. For the in vivo experiments, a hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) model was established in 7-d-old neonatal ICR mice. The neuroprotective effects of aucubin on neonatal HIBI mice were initially assessed using neurobehavioral tests, histopathological examination, and TUNEL staining. Network pharmacology analysis was subsequently employed to identify the core targets of aucubin against HIE. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted to determine potential biological processes and signaling pathways. The biological mechanism was validated using molecular biology experiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For the in vitro experiments, the microglial cell line BV2 was subjected to pyroptosis induction or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to simulate the HI process. The therapeutic mechanism of aucubin on HIE was further investigated at the cellular level by administering aucubin and MCC950 (an NLRP3 inhibitor). Aucubin alleviated HI-induced cognitive dysfunction, histopathological damage, and neuronal apoptosis in mice. Network pharmacology analysis identified 14 core targets of aucubin against HIE. Enrichment analysis indicated that aucubin modulates multiple biological processes, including pyroptosis, and identified several signaling pathways, among which the NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway was selected for subsequent mechanistic validation. HI insult induced cellular swelling and rupture, accompanied by significantly increased expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis proteins. Aucubin reversed these alterations. Immunofluorescence colocalization revealed that aucubin also reduced the number of Iba1+/GSDMD+ cells in the mouse hippocampus. The optimal drug concentrations were determined in vitro. Aucubin not only decreased the elevated pyroptosis protein levels in nigericin-induced BV2 cells but also suppressed the OGD-induced upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, GSDMD, and mature IL-1β protein levels. Molecular docking revealed that aucubin binds to NLRP3 through multiple sites. Aucubin effectively mitigated HIBI in neonatal mice, potentially through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD-mediated microglial pyroptosis. This study provides complementary insights into the neuroprotective properties of aucubin.