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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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A cosmic-ray loaded nascent outflow driven by a massive star cluster.

Marianne Lemoine-Goumard1,1, Lucia Härer2, Lars Mohrmann3

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Massive star clusters may drive galactic outflows. This study reveals a cosmic-ray outflow from Westerlund 1, providing direct evidence for cosmic rays influencing galaxy evolution and potentially transporting them into galactic halos.

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Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics
  • Galaxy Evolution
  • High-Energy Astrophysics

Background:

  • Cosmic rays are theorized to drive galactic outflows, crucial for galaxy evolution.
  • Massive star clusters are increasingly recognized for their role in cosmic-ray acceleration.
  • Direct observational evidence linking cosmic rays to galactic outflows has been scarce.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide direct evidence of cosmic-ray driven outflows from a massive star cluster.
  • To investigate the role of massive star clusters in cosmic-ray transport and galaxy evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Observation of gigaelectronvolt (GeV) gamma-ray emission.
  • Mapping atomic hydrogen distribution to identify galactic cavities.
  • Spectral and spatial analysis of gamma-ray emission in relation to the star cluster Westerlund 1.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a nascent outflow driven by the massive star cluster Westerlund 1.
  • Detection of GeV gamma-ray emission tracing relativistic electrons emerging from the Galactic Disc.
  • Identification of an energy density of cosmic rays significantly higher than the interstellar medium.

Conclusions:

  • The observed outflow provides direct evidence for cosmic-ray carrying outflows.
  • Massive star clusters likely generate cosmic-ray loaded outflows, influencing galaxy evolution.
  • These outflows may be a significant mechanism for cosmic-ray transport into galactic halos.