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Next-generation Pertussis Vaccines with Special Focus on Intranasal Vaccination
Yahya Ehteshaminia1, Forough Golsaz-Shirazi1, Mohammad Mehdi Amiri1
1Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Insights
Next-generation intranasal pertussis vaccines show promise in combating Bordetella pertussis resurgence. These innovative vaccines aim to induce long-lasting immunity against this highly contagious respiratory disease.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Microbiology
- Vaccinology
Background:
- Pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis (Bp), remains a significant public health concern despite widespread vaccination.
- Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines face challenges due to waning immunity and emergent vaccine-adapted strains, leading to disease resurgence.
- Next-generation vaccines are being developed to overcome limitations of existing pertussis immunization strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and assess the efficacy of next-generation intranasally administered pertussis vaccines.
- To explore novel vaccine platforms including outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), live attenuated vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and adjuvants.
- To evaluate the potential of intranasal delivery for inducing mucosal and systemic immunity against Bordetella pertussis.
Main Methods:
- Review of pre-clinical studies on intranasal pertussis vaccine candidates.
- Analysis of clinical trial data for intranasally delivered pertussis vaccines.
- Assessment of various vaccine formulations (OMV, live attenuated, nucleic acid) and adjuvants.
Main Results:
- Intranasal administration of next-generation pertussis vaccines demonstrates potential efficacy in pre-clinical models.
- Emerging data suggests intranasal vaccines can induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses.
- Novel approaches like OMV-based and nucleic acid vaccines show promise for improved pertussis protection.
Conclusions:
- Next-generation intranasal pertussis vaccines represent a promising strategy to address the resurgence of Bordetella pertussis.
- Intranasal delivery may offer advantages in inducing durable mucosal immunity, crucial for preventing respiratory pathogen transmission.
- Further clinical evaluation is necessary to establish the safety and efficacy of these innovative vaccines in humans.
Abstract:
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis (Bp). The disease is most severe in infants and young children, whereas adolescents and adults typically experience milder symptoms but serve as important reservoirs for transmission. Despite widespread vaccination efforts, pertussis continues to pose a significant public health challenge. Historically, the first generation of pertussis vaccines, formulated as inactivated whole cell pertussis (wP) vaccines, were associated with notable side effects, prompting the development of safer acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines. The second generation of pertussis vaccines contains purified components of Bp and provides protection comparable to that of the older whole-cell vaccines. However, recent studies have reported a resurgence of pertussis, attributed to several factors, including improved diagnostic methods, waning immunity following vaccinations, and the emergence of antigenically divergent or vaccine-adapted strains. To address these challenges, researchers are developing next-generation pertussis vaccines using various approaches, such as transitioning from intramuscular to intranasal administration, formulating outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-based vaccines, designing live attenuated pertussis vaccines, and exploring nucleic acid-based vaccines and novel adjuvants aimed at inducing long-lasting mucosal and systemic immunity. This review primarily focuses on assessing the efficacy of the next-generation intranasally administered pertussis vaccines in both pre-clinical and clinical settings.
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