Diet-Microbiota-Host Interactions in Regulation of Cardiometabolic Homeostasis: Emerging Mechanisms and Therapeutic...

The global rise in the prevalence and incidence of cardiometabolic disorders-such as obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance-has reached alarming levels and poses a significant public health concern. Dietary patterns characterized by excessive consumption of sodium, refined carbohydrates, and unhealthy fats are primary contributors to this trend. Recent evidence suggests that dietary interventions can improve metabolic health, in part by modulating the gut microbiota. Increasing research supports a triadic relationship among diet, gut dysbiosis, and cardiometabolic dysfunction, highlighting the complex interplay between nutrition and host physiology. Salt sensitivity is a prevalent but underrecognized feature of metabolic syndrome, often associated with hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity. High sodium intake disrupts gut microbial communities, enhances intestinal sodium and glucose absorption, and reduces beneficial ions such as potassium. Despite the gut's central role in mediating these diet-microbiota interactions in salt sensitive conditions such as hypertension, current research has largely centered on the kidney. Pharmacological inhibition of lipid absorption has long been used to manage dyslipidemia and obesity, predating newer treatments such as GLP-1 receptor agonists. As an adjunct or alternative strategy, targeted manipulation of the gut microbiota-through probiotics or other means-may offer novel approaches to regulate lipid metabolism and maintain nutrient homeostasis. To move beyond associative findings, future research must elucidate the mechanistic pathways by which the gut microbiota influences host nutrient and micronutrient handling. This will be critical to unlocking the therapeutic potential of both dietary modulation and microbiota-targeted strategies in maintaining homeostasis. This review aims to synthesize current understanding of diet-microbiota-host interactions and identify key areas for developing sustainable, physiology-based interventions for cardiometabolic disease management.