Liver biopsy in the modern era: from traditional techniques to artificial intelligence and multi-omics integration

Liver biopsy remains a cornerstone in the diagnosis and management of various hepatic disorders. This mini-review provides a concise overview of traditional liver biopsy techniques, percutaneous, plugged, transjugular, and laparoscopic, highlighting their clinical indications, histopathological evaluation, and limitations. The review also explores recent advancements, including the integration of artificial intelligence in imaging modalities such as ultrasound, MRI, and CT, as well as its emerging role in histopathological analysis, particularly for assessing fibrosis, steatosis, inflammation, and cancer. In parallel, the application of multi-omics technologies is discussed as a promising complement to histology, offering molecular-level insights into disease progression and therapeutic response. Despite these technological steps, there remains a gap in the literature regarding how traditional biopsy methods are being effectively integrated with these emerging tools, and how liver biopsy continues to retain its clinical relevance in the era of artificial intelligence and multi-omics approaches. This review underscores the evolving landscape of liver biopsy and calls for harmonized frameworks that combine conventional techniques with digital innovations to enhance diagnostic accuracy, standardization, and patient care.