Exploring probiotic awareness, perceptions, and practices in the Saudi population: a cross-sectional study

Probiotics are composed of trillions of microorganisms, mainly located in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which play vital roles in digestion, immunity, and overall well-being. They help maintain gut health and prevent various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite the widespread use of probiotics in developed countries, such as North America and Western Europe, little is known about their use in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and factors influencing probiotic awareness among the Saudi public to support healthier dietary choices.

A cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire titled "Public Knowledge and Perception of Probiotics" was conducted among Saudi residents aged 18 years and older from July to October 2024. With a type I error rate of 5% (α = 0.05) and 80% power, the required sample size was 269; ultimately, 286 individuals participated in the study. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 27 (IBM).

The majority of the 286 participants were female (79%) and over 30 years old (54.9%). Awareness of probiotics was moderate (mean score: 5.2; 65%), with yogurt being the most recognized source (95%). Participants generally had positive perceptions (mean score: 3.74 ± 0.60), although barriers such as limited knowledge (56.2%) and high cost (3.28 ± 1.09) were reported. Probiotic use was noted in 54.5% of the respondents, with 71.2% preferring natural sources. Usage was significantly associated with demographic factors, including age ( ${\chi }^2$ = 15.251, P < 0.001), education level ( ${\chi }^2$ = 18.787, P < 0.001), marital status ( ${\chi }^2$ = 9.825, P = 0.002), and monthly income ( ${\chi }^2$ = 8.548, P = 0.014).

While awareness and positive perceptions of probiotics are growing among the Saudi population, challenges such as knowledge gaps, affordability, and limited advertising persist. To promote probiotic use and improve public health outcomes, it is crucial to enhance public health education through schools and community programs, improve affordability via supportive health policies, and encourage greater involvement of healthcare professionals in providing probiotic-related guidance.