Physiology of Ovarian Development in Crustaceans: Interactions Among Hormones, Nutrients, and Environmental Factors...

Reproductive maturation remains a central bottleneck in crustacean aquaculture, as ovarian development dictates broodstock quality, fecundity, and larval viability. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the physiological regulation of ovarian maturation in decapod crustaceans, emphasizing the interplay of hormones, nutrients, and environmental factors. Eyestalk-derived neuropeptides of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) family, together with molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone (VIH), methyl farnesoate (MF), and ecdysteroids, constitute the core hormonal regulators, with CHH and MF promoting vitellogenesis while VIH exerts inhibitory control. Among nutritional drivers, proteins, amino acids (notably arginine), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), cholesterol, and carotenoids exert the most pronounced effects on vitellogenesis, oocyte maturation, and larval quality, with their regulatory roles frequently mediated through endocrine pathways such as mTOR and steroidogenesis. Evidence across species indicates that optimal ovarian growth is generally achieved at dietary protein levels of 30%-35%, lipid levels of 8%-12%, and specific amino acid concentrations including 2.5%-4.5% arginine, 0.6%-1.0% taurine, and 1.5%-1.7% threonine. Favorable temperature and photoperiod can regulate ovarian development better and lead to higher spawning rates and reproductive effects compared to salinity. Finally, the economic feasibility of nutritional interventions is evaluated, highlighting that while cholesterol and krill oil are biologically effective, their high cost necessitates strategic use alongside sustainable alternatives such as phytosterols, marine by-products, and plant- or insect-based proteins. By consolidating hormonal, nutritional, and environmental perspectives, this review outlines regulatory mechanisms of ovarian development while identifying practical strategies to improve broodstock management and reproductive efficiency in crustacean aquaculture.