Non-Thermal Plasma-Driven Degradation of Organic Dyes Using CeO₂ Prepared by Supercritical Antisolvent Precipitation

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a fast, reagent-free technology for dye removal, yet its performance is highly dependent on the operating conditions and on plasma-catalyst interactions. In this work, a coaxial falling-film dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was optimized for the degradation and decolorization of organic dyes, with ceria (CeO₂) employed as a catalyst. For the first time, CeO₂ prepared via a supercritical antisolvent (SAS) micronization route was tested in plasma-assisted dye decolorization and directly compared with its non-micronized counterpart. Optimization of plasma parameters revealed that oxygen feeding, an input voltage of 12 kV, a gas flow of 0.2 NL·min^-1, and an initial dye concentration of 20 mg·L^-1 resulted in the fastest decolorization kinetics. While the anionic dye Acid Yellow 36 exhibited electrostatic repulsion and negligible plasma-ceria synergy, the cationic dyes Crystal Violet and Methylene Blue showed strong adsorption on the negatively charged CeO₂ surface and pronounced plasma-catalyst synergy, with SAS-derived CeO₂ consistently outperforming the non-micronized powder. The SAS catalyst, characterized by a narrow particle size distribution (DLS) and spherical morphology (SEM), ensured improved dispersion and interaction with plasma-generated species, leading to significantly shorter decolorization radiation times compared to the literature benchmarks. Importantly, this enhancement translated into higher energy efficiency, with complete dye removal achieved at a lower specific energy input than both plasma-only operation and non-micronized CeO₂. Scavenger tests confirmed •OH radicals as the dominant oxidants, while O₃, O₂•^-, and e^-_a played secondary roles. Tests on binary dye mixtures (CV + MB) revealed synergistic decolorization under plasma-only conditions, and the CeO₂-SAS catalyst maintained high overall efficiency despite competitive adsorption effects. These findings demonstrate that SAS micronization of CeO₂ is an effective material-engineering strategy to unlock plasma-catalyst synergy and achieve rapid, energy-efficient dye abatement for practical wastewater treatment.