Evaluating Thermal Efficiency and Economic Impacts in Supplying Energy Demands for Direct Air Capture

Direct air capture (DAC) technologies that remove CO₂ directly from the atmosphere are needed to meet international goals of limiting the atmospheric temperature increase before 2100. Operating costs, including the cost of energy inputs, currently limit the rapid deployment of DAC systems. An abundance of untapped and abandoned geothermal resources provides an opportunity to utilize this thermal energy beneath the earth's surface to reduce the financial and energy costs of DAC. In this study, thermodynamic models of applicable renewable energy scenarios for fulfilling heating and electrical requirements of DAC were analyzed using ASPEN Plus. Individual components were optimized within the geothermal-DAC-coupled systems to quantify specific costs of implementation. The results were integrated into a technoeconomic analysis to provide a holistic perspective to optimize DAC-coupled renewable energy systems. The analysis found that scenarios using geothermal heat for CO₂ desorption with either solar and batteries or an organic Rankine cycle for electric loads could lower the cost of DAC systems compared to a solar-with-batteries baseline. The levelized cost of energy for CO₂ removal (LCOE_CR) for DAC was reduced from $175/t-CO₂ removed to as low as $66/t-CO₂ removed, guiding large-scale deployment of DAC and supporting decision-making in the future.