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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

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Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned...
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
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Breathing01:05

Breathing

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Infants 12 Months or Younger.

Egambaram Senthilvel1,2,3, Charmi Shah2, Theresa Kluthe4

  • 1Dr. Senthilvel is affiliated with Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.

Respiratory Care
|December 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in infants, often linked to GERD and craniofacial issues. Events predominantly occur during REM sleep and in the supine position.

Keywords:
comorbiditiesinfantsmanagementobstructive sleep apneapolysomnogram

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Neonatology

Background:

  • Investigating the prevalence and characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in infants.
  • Identifying comorbidities associated with infant OSA.
  • Analyzing the distribution of respiratory events during sleep and by body position.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of OSA in infants aged 0-12 months.
  • To identify common comorbidities like GERD and craniofacial abnormalities.
  • To understand how sleep states (REM vs. non-REM) and body position affect respiratory events.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of polysomnogram (PSG) data from 118 infants (0-12 months).
  • Categorization of OSA severity using the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI).
  • Multivariate regression to identify risk factors for OSA.

Main Results:

  • OSA prevalence was 61.9% in the cohort, with mild, moderate, and severe categories.
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (32.9%) and craniofacial abnormalities (21.9%) were common comorbidities.
  • Infants with craniofacial abnormalities had higher odds of OSA (P = .038).
  • Obstructive events were significantly higher during REM sleep and in the supine position for infants aged 6-12 months.

Conclusions:

  • Infant OSA is highly prevalent, with GERD and craniofacial abnormalities as significant associated factors.
  • Respiratory events in infants with OSA predominantly occur during REM sleep.
  • The supine position is associated with a higher frequency of obstructive events in infants.