Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Experimental Investigation of the Hierarchical Control in DC Microgrids Using a Real-time Simulator
Published on: February 14, 2025
Comparative evaluation and simulation of blockchain consensus mechanisms for secure and scalable peer to peer energy
G B Bhavana1, R Anand2,3, J Ramprabhakar4
1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India. r_anand@blr.amrita.edu.
Abstract:
Integration of renewable-energy (RE) sources of energy into local microgrids, decentralised energy markets using blockchain based peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is gaining more traction due to its ability to enable transparent, autonomous, and secure transactions among distributed energy resources (DERs). Due to the large variety in microgrid topologies and their respective operational constraints, a key challenge to obtaining the most effective trading framework is the choice of blockchain consensus protocol that suits a given microgrid type. Choice of consensus mechanism solely affects the reliability and security of a network. This paper presents a quantitative comprehensive evaluation of various blockchain consensus mechanisms such as Proof-of-Work (PoW), Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS), Proof-of-Elapsed-Time (PoET), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Raft, and Tendermint to determine their suitability for P2P energy trading in microgrids. Various metrics such as fault tolerance, energy efficiency, latency, throughput and consensus time were evaluated for multiple consensus mechanisms through simulations. This paper also studies node-scaling impact on the protocols and presents a final decision framework to match the suitable protocol with various microgrid topologies.
Related Concept Videos
Maximum Power Flow and Line Loadability
Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow
Multimachine Stability
In analyzing the system, the nodal equations represent the relationship between bus voltages, machine voltages, and machine currents. The nodal equation is given by:
Distributed Loads: Problem Solving
The Power Flow Problem and Solution
Distributed Loads
For example, consider a bookshelf filled with books stacked vertically adjacent to each other. The weight of the books is evenly distributed over the length of the shelf. As a result, the pressure at different locations on the surface of the...

