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Energy efficient UAV-assisted two layer hierarchical bit-mapping access based MAC protocol.

Dattaprasad Narayan Golatkar¹, Manoj Tolani², Smitha N Pai³

¹Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.

Scientific Reports

|December 10, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new Energy-Efficient UAV-assisted Two-Layer Hierarchical (EE-UAV-TLH) MAC protocol boosts Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) efficiency. This protocol significantly reduces energy consumption and enhances data communication for mission-critical applications.

Keywords:

Bandwidth optimization Bit-mapping access Energy efficient MAC Medium access control Mission-critical communication Two layer hierarchical clustering UAV-assisted WSN

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Area of Science:

Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
Networking

Background:

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) require efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for energy conservation and resource management.
Mission-critical applications in WSNs often face stringent energy constraints and limited bandwidth, necessitating advanced communication strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and evaluate an Energy-Efficient UAV-assisted Two-Layer Hierarchical (EE-UAV-TLH) MAC protocol.
To enhance energy efficiency, data communication, and resource utilization in WSNs, particularly for mission-critical tasks.

Main Methods:

Implementation of a two-level hierarchical clustering structure with sensor nodes communicating via Cluster Heads (CHs).
Integration of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a mobile sink and synchronization controller for CH coordination.
Adoption of a bit-mapping access scheme to minimize idle listening and control overheads.

Main Results:

The EE-UAV-TLH protocol, specifically the TLH-ETDMA variant, demonstrated significant energy savings compared to existing protocols.
Average energy savings of approximately 20% over TLH-TDMA and 34% over TLH-BMA were observed.
Peak energy savings reached up to 31% against TLH-TDMA and 52% against TLH-BMA, even in large-scale deployments.

Conclusions:

The EE-UAV-TLH protocol offers superior energy efficiency and scalability for UAV-assisted WSNs.
The proposed protocol effectively addresses energy constraints and bandwidth limitations in mission-critical applications.
The integration of UAVs and hierarchical clustering provides a robust solution for modern WSN communication challenges.