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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Color Vision01:24

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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The Psychometric Properties for the VISIONS QL Brief.

Ali Brian1, Pamela Beach2, Andrea Taliaferro1

  • 1Department of Educational and Developmental Science, College of Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study validated the VISIONS Quality of Life (QoL) Brief for U.S. children with visual impairments (VI). The streamlined tool effectively measures QoL, offering a reliable assessment for this population.

Keywords:
quality of lifereliabilityvalidityvisual impairmentyouth

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Psychology
  • Rehabilitation Science
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Children with visual impairments (VI) exhibit diminished Quality of Life (QoL), increased sedentary behavior, and lower motor competence compared to sighted peers.
  • Existing international QoL instruments for children with VI lack validation for U.S. pediatric populations.
  • Addressing these disparities is crucial for the health, well-being, and psychosocial development of children with VI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the psychometric properties of the VISIONS QL assessment tool for children and youth with VI.
  • To reduce items in the VISIONS QL instrument, creating a more streamlined and accessible version.
  • To validate the psychometric properties of the VISIONS QL Brief for U.S. pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional, descriptive analytic design with convenience sampling.
  • Participants included 148 children and youth with VI, aged 9-19 years.
  • Principal Components Analysis (PCA) with orthogonal varimax rotation was employed for dimensionality reduction.

Main Results:

  • PCA identified three components explaining 46% of the variance: Educational Opportunities (7 items), Social and Familial Implications (8 items), and Communication (5 items).
  • The VISIONS QL Brief demonstrated high internal consistency reliability (α = 0.857; Ω = 0.858) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.89).
  • Strong concurrent validity was found between the original 63-item version and the 20-item brief scale (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

  • The findings confirm the multidimensional nature of QoL in children with VI.
  • The VISIONS QL Brief is a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing QoL in this population.
  • The brief version is particularly useful in settings where time, accessibility, and cognitive load are significant considerations.