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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Aromatic Compound Fragmentation01:23

Mass Spectrometry: Aromatic Compound Fragmentation

2.4K
Upon ionization, aromatic compounds generate a molecular ion that is observed as a prominent peak in their mass spectra. For example, the molecular ion peak for benzene appears at a mass-to-charge ratio of 78, while toluene is observed at a mass-to-charge ratio of 92. The molecular ion benzene is highly stable and does not readily undergo further fragmentation due to the significant amount of energy required to disrupt the aromatic stability of the benzene ring. In contrast, the molecular ion...
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Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and...
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NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds01:14

NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds

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Aromatic compounds can be identified or analyzed using proton NMR and carbon‐13 NMR. Typically, aromatic hydrogens or hydrogens directly bonded to the aromatic rings are strongly deshielded by the aromatic ring current. Therefore, they absorb in the range of 6.5–8.0 ppm in proton NMR spectra. For instance, aromatic hydrogens directly bonded to the benzene ring absorb at 7.3 ppm. However, aromatic hydrogens of larger rings absorb farther upfield or downfield than the ideal range.
6.1K
Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:25

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

13.3K
In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
In 1825, Faraday isolated...
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Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
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Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)01:14

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

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Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is the combination of analytical techniques of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in a single instrument for analyzing a mixture of compounds. The gas chromatograph separates the compounds in the mixture, and the mass spectrometer analyzes each compound separately to determine the molecular masses and molecular structures.
A gas chromatograph consists of a long, narrow capillary column with a polysiloxane coating on the inner wall....
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Characterization of Terpenoids in Aromatic Plants Using Raman Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Milagros Granda-Santos1,2,3, Katherine Reyna-Gonzales2, Llisela Torrejón-Valqui2

  • 1Programa Doctoral en Ciencias para el Desarrollo Sustentable, Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|December 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study used Raman spectroscopy and GC-MS to analyze essential oils from eight aromatic plants. Key compounds like cis,cis-nepetalactone and β-caryophyllene were identified, revealing differences in oxygenated compounds versus aromatic hydrocarbons.

Keywords:
bioactivityessentials oilsherbal medicineslinaloolterpenoids

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Area of Science:

  • Phytochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Aromatic medicinal plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds.
  • Understanding the chemical composition of essential oils is crucial for their application.
  • Advanced analytical techniques are needed for detailed characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the essential oils of eight specific aromatic medicinal plants.
  • To identify major chemical constituents and variations between species.
  • To establish a link between chemical composition and molecular structure.

Main Methods:

  • Raman spectroscopy for molecular bond identification (C-H, C=C, C-O, C=O).
  • Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for compound identification and quantification.
  • Combined analysis to correlate spectral data with chemical structures.

Main Results:

  • Identified bands indicative of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and oxygenated compounds.
  • GC-MS detected 224 compounds, primarily terpenoids.
  • Major compounds included cis,cis-nepetalactone (30.16%), β-caryophyllene (18.26%), citronellol (10.92%), citral, and linalool.
  • Species differences attributed to varying proportions of oxygenated compounds versus aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • First-time report of cis,cis-nepetalactone in *Minthostachys mollis*.

Conclusions:

  • Raman spectroscopy and GC-MS are effective complementary techniques for essential oil analysis.
  • Essential oil composition varies significantly between the studied aromatic plant species.
  • The findings provide valuable chemical data for *Minthostachys mollis* and contribute to understanding terpenoid diversity in medicinal plants.