Development of a Cost-Effective Multiparametric Probe for Continuous Real-Time Monitoring of Aquatic Environments

Continuous, real-time measurements are essential for informed water resource management and the development of strategies for the protection of aquatic ecosystems. Traditional methods of water quality assessment often fail to adequately capture seasonal trends, and the frequency and rapidity of fluctuations. To address this challenge, a standalone, low-cost (2 = 0.9992, expanded uncertainty: ±0.4), conductivity (R² = 0.9999, expanded uncertainties: ±56.52 to ±3200.00 µS/cm for various standards), and water level (R² = 0.9952, expanded uncertainty: ±5.2 cm). Capable of providing continuous, accurate data at low cost, this multiparameter probe has broad applicability in environmental regulation compliance, pollution control, and sustainable ecosystem management.