Modulating Prostate Cancer Therapy Through the Gut Microbiome: A Comprehensive Review

Background/Objectives: There is growing interest in the gut microbiome's role in cancer, particularly its influence on prostate cancer therapy. This review explores how the gut microbiota modulates treatment outcomes and how prostate cancer therapies affect microbial composition. Methods: A semi-systematic PubMed search was performed for English-language articles published between 2010 and 2025 using relevant keywords related to prostate cancer therapy and the gut microbiome. Both original research and reviews were included, with additional studies identified through citation tracking. Results: The literature reveals a dynamic, bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome and prostate cancer therapies. Gut microbes can modulate treatment efficacy and toxicity through immune regulation, metabolic activity, and the production of bioactive compounds such as short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan derivatives. These interactions influence responses to androgen deprivation therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. In parallel, prostate cancer treatments induce notable shifts in gut microbial composition, reducing diversity, increasing intestinal permeability, and promoting dysbiosis. These changes may impair therapeutic outcomes. Specific microbial taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium, and Bacteroides, have been linked to both therapeutic response and microbiome alterations. Conclusions: The reciprocal influence between gut microbes and prostate cancer therapies presents a compelling avenue for therapeutic innovation. However, current knowledge is largely derived from preclinical or cross-cancer studies, highlighting a major evidence gap in prostate-specific research. Bridging this gap through well-designed translational studies could inform clinical strategies that harness microbiome modulation to enhance treatment efficacy, reduce toxicity, and personalize prostate cancer therapy.