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Clinoptilolite-Based Adsorbents for Paracetamol Removal.

Szymon Wójcik1, Katarzyna Fendrych1, Włodzimierz Mozgawa1

  • 1Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramic, AGH University of Krakow, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study explored using modified natural clinoptilolite zeolite for paracetamol removal from water. Surface modification slightly improved adsorption, but overall capacity remained limited for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.

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drug sorptionnatural zeoliteorgano-zeolitestructure modification

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Pharmaceuticals like paracetamol contaminate water sources.
  • Natural zeolites, such as clinoptilolite, are potential adsorbents.
  • Surface properties significantly influence adsorption efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate paracetamol adsorption using natural clinoptilolite (p-CLI) and modified forms (H-CLI, o-CLI).
  • To compare the adsorption capacities of proton-exchanged and surfactant-modified clinoptilolite.
  • To understand how structural and surface changes affect pharmaceutical uptake.

Main Methods:

  • Clinoptilolite modification via ammonium exchange/calcination (H-CLI) and HDTMA-Br treatment (o-CLI).
  • Material characterization using XRD, FT-IR, and SEM.
  • Batch adsorption experiments followed by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) for quantification.

Main Results:

  • XRD confirmed preserved clinoptilolite framework post-modification.
  • H-CLI showed partial cation removal; o-CLI developed a hydrophobic organic layer.
  • Adsorption capacity increased from negligible for p-CLI to ~0.15 mg/g for H-CLI and ~0.25 mg/g for o-CLI.

Conclusions:

  • Surface functionalization enhances clinoptilolite affinity for weakly polar pharmaceuticals like paracetamol.
  • HDTMA modification yielded higher adsorption than proton exchange due to increased hydrophobicity.
  • Despite improvements, clinoptilolite adsorption capacities for paracetamol remain limited.