Recent Advances on the Individual Roles and Emerging Synergistic Effects of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and...

Soil salinity is a serious abiotic stressor threatening global agriculture, currently affecting nearly 20% of irrigated land, with projections suggesting that almost 50% of cultivated areas may be impacted by 2050. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Silicon (Si) have been widely investigated for their individual roles in improving plant tolerance to salinity, yet their combined application-particularly using Si nanoparticles (SiNPs), remains underexplored. This review synthesizes current knowledge on PGPR, SiNPs, and their synergistic effects in mitigating salinity stress, with emphasis on physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms. Special attention is given to Si-mediated regulation of stress-responsive genes (e.g., RD29B, DREB2b, RAB18, HKT1, WRKY TFs, CAT, POD) and PGPR-induced gene expression (e.g., GmST1, GmLAX3, NHX1, NRT2.2, GR), which are directly linked to ion homeostasis, osmolyte accumulation, and antioxidant activation. In addition, crop-specific case studies and emerging molecular insights are highlighted to demonstrate practical applications. Despite these promising findings, significant challenges remain, including the stability of nanoformulations, microbial compatibility, and the lack of field-scale validation under diverse agro-climatic conditions. This review highlights knowledge gaps and briefly outlines future directions for the integrated use of PGPR and SiNPs as sustainable strategies to enhance crop resilience under salinity stress.