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Complex Sound Discrimination in Zebrafish: Auditory Learning Within a Novel "Go/Go" Decision-Making Paradigm.

Anna Patel^1,2, Sai Mattapalli^1,3, Jagmeet S Kanwal¹

¹Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057-1460, USA.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI

|December 11, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Zebrafish can distinguish between complex sounds using a novel associative learning assay. This finding suggests potential for new drug screening methods for memory and attention disorders.

Keywords:

associative conditioning attention complex sound perception fish hearing learning memory neuroethology social reward

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Area of Science:

Auditory Neuroscience
Animal Behavior
Neuropharmacology

Background:

Auditory system research traditionally uses simple tonal stimuli.
Complex sound perception in zebrafish (Danio rerio) remains largely unexplored.
Novel methods are needed to study auditory discrimination and memory consolidation.

Purpose of the Study:

To test if zebrafish can detect and discriminate between two complex sounds: noise-embedded constant frequency (NCF) tone pips and downward frequency-modulated (DFM) sweeps.
To develop and validate a novel associative conditioning assay (Go-to/Go-away) for assessing sound discrimination and memory in zebrafish.
To explore the potential of this assay for high-throughput screening of drugs targeting cognitive deficits.

Main Methods:

An associative "Go-to/Go-away" (Go/Go) assay was developed using rewarding (zebrafish shoal video) and aversive (bullfrog video) unconditioned stimuli (US).
Zebrafish were trained to associate one of two complex sounds (NCF tones or DFM sweeps) with either the rewarding or aversive US.
Markerless tracking quantified fish movement towards or away from the stimuli within a critical time window, assessing discrimination and memory retention over two days.

Main Results:

Zebrafish successfully discriminated between the two complex sounds, moving towards the screen for the rewarded sound and away for the aversive sound.
Behavioral discrimination was evident within a 3-second window preceding the unconditioned stimulus.
Discrimination performance was largely retained on the second day, indicating overnight memory consolidation.

Conclusions:

Adult zebrafish possess the capacity to perceive and rapidly learn to discriminate between complex auditory stimuli.
The developed "Go-to/Go-away" assay is effective for evaluating auditory perception, sound discrimination, and memory in zebrafish.
This assay holds promise for high-throughput screening of pharmacological agents for memory and attention deficits and other neurodegenerative conditions.