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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
371
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
351
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

386
Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
386
Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

330
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
330
Mitral Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management01:28

Mitral Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management

286
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, leading to the backward flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. This condition can arise from various causes, including rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, or degenerative valve disease. Effective nursing management is crucial to optimizing patient outcomes and involves comprehensive assessment and targeted interventions.Comprehensive Patient AssessmentA detailed...
286
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

380
IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation Is a Risk Factor for Permanent Pacemaker Implantation.

Kyungsub Song1, YoHan Bae1, Jung Uk Woo2

  • 1Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University College of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|December 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Atrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR) increases the risk of needing a permanent pacemaker after Maze procedures. Patients with AFMR require extended monitoring post-surgery to detect delayed pacemaker needs.

Keywords:
Maze procedureatrial fibrillationmitral valve insufficiencypermanent pacemaker

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Surgery
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • The Maze procedure is used for atrial fibrillation.
  • Atrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR) is a concern in these patients.
  • Permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation is a potential complication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify risk factors for PPM implantation after the Maze procedure.
  • To investigate the specific role of AFMR in PPM requirements.
  • To analyze predictors of pacemaker dependency.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 423 patients undergoing Maze procedures.
  • Comparison of patients who did and did not require PPM.
  • Multivariable Cox and logistic regression analysis.

Main Results:

  • 10.6% of patients required PPM post-Maze.
  • Higher prevalence of AFMR in the PPM group (28.9% vs. 10.4%).
  • AFMR, fine P waves, and older age independently predicted PPM implantation.

Conclusions:

  • AFMR is an independent predictor of nodal dysfunction requiring PPM post-Maze.
  • AFMR significantly increases the risk of late PPM implantation.
  • Extended postoperative monitoring is recommended for AFMR patients.