Multi-Omics Elucidation of Flavor Characteristics in Compound Fermented Beverages Based on Flavoromics and...

To characterize the key odorants and elucidate the flavor profiles of compound fermented beverages after fermentation, single-compound fermented beverages (GW, AW) and a compound fermented beverage (CW) were prepared using Italian Riesling grapes and SirPrize apples as raw materials. The flavor and metabolite profiles were systematically analyzed by integrating flavoromics (comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, GC × GC-TOF MS) and metabolomics (LC-MS/MS). The results demonstrated that CW exhibited the most favorable acid/reducing sugars (2.18), imparting a drier taste and superior stability. Compounds with relative odor activity values (rOAV) greater than 1-including 3-methyl-1-butyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butanoate, and ethyl octanoate-collectively contributed prominent fruity, floral, and sweet aromas to all three wine types. Ethyl decanoate provided an additional distinctive traditional fruity note specifically to AW, while 1-octen-3-ol contributed a mushroom-like aroma to both GW and CW. Moreover, 3-methylbutanal, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, and ethyl 3-methylbutanoate added additional significant aroma contributions to CW, imparting floral, clove-like, and fruity notes, respectively. Notably, ethyl hexanoate (fruity aroma) exhibited a remarkably high rOAV of 27.43 in CW, significantly surpassing its levels in the single-substrate fermentations. Lipid metabolism and the phenylpropanoid pathway were significantly activated in CW, facilitating the coordinated synthesis of esters and phenolic compounds. Sensory attribute network analysis further confirmed that CW possessed more pronounced "sweet", "fruity", and "floral" characteristics. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and total soluble solids (TS), titratable acidity (TA), the TA/TS ratio, and metabolite levels, underscoring the close connections among physicochemical properties, precursor/intermediate metabolites, and flavor formation. Comprehensive analysis of non-volatile metabolites and flavor-associated VOCs revealed variety-specific characteristics and compounding effects, providing valuable insights for enhancing the quality of compound fermented beverages.