Bioconversion of Geniposide from Gardenia jasminoides via Levilactobacillus Enhancing Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Genipin, one of Gardenia jasminoides' bioactive components, exhibits superior therapeutic efficacy compared to geniposide, though it is present in much lower concentrations. Conventional hydrolysis methods using acids or organic solvents can enhance genipin yield but often raise environmental and safety concerns. This study aimed to increase genipin production through whole-cell bioconversion of geniposide to genipin using lactic acid bacteria (LABs). A total of 191 LAB strains were isolated from kimchi. Levilactobacillus sp. LN180102 showed the highest bioconversion activity, which was up to 40%. Docking analysis and esculin assay confirmed the beta-glucosidase activity. The anti-inflammatory effects of the fermented extract were enhanced by 28.5% in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. Additionally, Levilactobacillus sp. LN180102 is probiotic-friendly and exhibits a high tolerance for phenol, bile, and acid. In their entirety, these discoveries have the potential to illuminate the ways in which Gardenia jasminoides can be functionally improved through whole-cell bioconversion, thereby enabling individuals to lead healthier lifestyles.