Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Instrumentation Amplifier01:25

Instrumentation Amplifier

An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
To overcome this challenge, an ECG machine utilizes an instrumentation amplifier. This specialized amplifier is...
Field Effect Transistor01:29

Field Effect Transistor

Field-effect transistors (FETs) are integral to electronic circuits and distinguished by their three-terminal setup: the gate, drain, and source. These transistors operate as unipolar devices, which utilize either electrons or holes as charge carriers, in contrast to bipolar transistors, which use both types of carriers. The primary function of the FET is to modulate the flow of these carriers from the source to the drain through a channel. The voltage difference between the gate and source...
MOSFET01:16

MOSFET

The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) plays a pivotal role in modern electronics thanks to its versatility and efficiency in controlling electrical currents. This device, also known as IGFET, MISFET, and MOSFET, has three main terminals: the Source, Drain, and Gate. MOSFETs are classified into n-channel or p-channel types based on the doping characteristics of their substrate and the source or drain regions.
In an n-MOSFET, the structure includes n-type source and drain...
MOSFET: Enhancement Mode01:22

MOSFET: Enhancement Mode

Enhancement-mode MOSFETs are pivotal components in electronics, distinguished by their capacity to act as highly efficient switches. They are part of the larger family of metal-oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). They are available in two types: p-channel and n-channel, each tailored to specific polarity operations.
In their basic form, enhancement-mode MOSFETs are typically non-conductive when the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is zero. This default 'off' state means no current...
Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Ventral pallidal perineuronal nets regulate opioid relapse.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Acute stress causes sex-specific changes to ventral subiculum synapses, circuitry, and anxiety-like behavior.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Genetically encoded intrabody probes for labeling and manipulating AMPA-type glutamate receptors.

Nature communications·2024
Same author

A Systematic Structure-Function Characterization of a Human Mutation in Neurexin-3α Reveals an Extracellular Modulatory Sequence That Stabilizes Neuroligin-1 Binding to Enhance the Postsynaptic Properties of Excitatory Synapses.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2024
Same author

Acute stress causes sex-dependent changes to ventral subiculum synapses, circuitry, and anxiety-like behavior.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

Neurexin-3 subsynaptic densities are spatially distinct from Neurexin-1 and essential for excitatory synapse nanoscale organization in the hippocampus.

Nature communications·2023
Same journal

Opioid-Associated Hippocampal Injury: Past, Present, and Future Directions.

Hippocampus·2026
Same journal

Neural and Navigational Features Influencing the Novelty Induced Benefits on Episodic Memory.

Hippocampus·2026
Same journal

Intrinsic Persistent Firing in CA1 Encodes Elapsed Time Across Behaviorally Relevant Scales.

Hippocampus·2026
Same journal

Boundary Vector Cells Encode a Future-Biased Spectrum of Positions in the Rat.

Hippocampus·2026
Same journal

Hippocampal NOP Receptor Activation Impairs Object Recognition Memory Acquisition.

Hippocampus·2026
Same journal

Effects of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor 1 Receptor Antagonism on In Vivo Dentate Gyrus Long-Term Potentiation in the TgF344-AD Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Hippocampus·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways
10:44

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways

Published on: December 9, 2013

12.3K

Sex Differences in the Ventral Subiculum's Microcircuitry and Function.

C N Miller1, J Aoto1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

Hippocampus
|December 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The ventral subiculum, a key hippocampal output, is vital for drug seeking and stress. Recent research reveals complex, sex-specific roles, highlighting the need for further study.

Keywords:
interneuronsphysiological stresspyramidal cellssex differencessubiculumsubstance use disordersynapses

More Related Videos

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice
09:35

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

Published on: January 20, 2015

9.2K
An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze
14:24

An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze

Published on: July 29, 2025

1.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways
10:44

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways

Published on: December 9, 2013

12.3K
Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice
09:35

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

Published on: January 20, 2015

9.2K
An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze
14:24

An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze

Published on: July 29, 2025

1.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology
  • Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

Background:

  • The ventral subiculum is the primary output of the ventral hippocampus.
  • It plays a crucial role in context-induced drug seeking, stress integration, and psychiatric disorders.
  • Historically, research has predominantly used male rodent models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the primary functions of the ventral subiculum.
  • To emphasize research uncovering sex differences in its function.
  • To highlight future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on the ventral subiculum.
  • Analysis of research incorporating sex as a biological variable.
  • Synthesis of findings on cell-type, synapse, and sex-specific roles.

Main Results:

  • The ventral subiculum is implicated in critical functions like drug seeking and stress response.
  • Emerging evidence suggests complex, sex-specific roles in the ventral subiculum.
  • Cell-type and synapse-specific functions are increasingly recognized.

Conclusions:

  • The ventral subiculum's functions are more complex than previously understood, with significant sex-specific variations.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate these sex differences and their implications for psychiatric disorders.
  • Future studies should prioritize investigating these nuanced roles across different cell types and synapses.