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Health net-outcome objectives and approaches for spatial planning and development: a scoping review
James Stewart-Evans1,2, Emma Wilson1,3, Tessa Langley1
1Nottingham Centre for Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
JBI Evidence Synthesis
|December 11, 2025
Summary
This scoping review maps knowledge on health net-outcome objectives in spatial planning, finding many socio-environmental goals and few distinct health objectives. Further research is needed on transferability and integration into planning systems.
Area of Science:
- Urban Planning and Health Policy
- Environmental Science and Public Health
- Socio-ecological Systems Analysis
Background:
- Established literature exists for environmental net-outcome objectives (e.g., biodiversity net gain) in spatial planning.
- A health net gain objective is proposed for health protection and realization but remains undefined.
- This review addresses the knowledge gap regarding health net-outcome objectives and approaches in spatial planning.
Purpose of the Study:
- To map the existing body of knowledge on net gain and no-net-loss (net-outcome) objectives and approaches applicable to health.
- To identify how these objectives and approaches are implemented in spatial planning and development policies and practice.
- To understand the scope, focus, and implementation options for future health net-outcome objectives.
Main Methods:
- Scoping review following the JBI methodology, searching scientific and gray literature.
- Searches conducted in August 2023 and updated in July 2024, including Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, and citation searching.
- Data extraction and analysis included categorization, frequency counts, and SWOT analysis, with no language or date restrictions.
Main Results:
- 119 evidence sources (1974-2024) were included, with increasing publication frequency from 2008.
- Broad health-relevant objectives (90/119) were more common than distinct health objectives (29/119).
- Implementation often involved participatory approaches and mitigation hierarchies, with challenges in objective specification and assessment.
Conclusions:
- Numerous socio-environmental net-outcome objectives relevant to health exist, alongside emergent, less-reported health objectives.
- Policymakers must consider value judgments and equity when specifying future objectives.
- Knowledge gaps include transferability, multilevel evaluation, and integration within spatial planning and impact assessment.
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