Prevalence and Risk Factors of Contrast Induced Nephropathy in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is the third leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in developed countries. With the increase in contrast-based radiologic studies in developing countries, its contribution to the burden of AKI is increasing. However, there are few researches conducted in this part of the world on AKI due to contrast administration. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of CIN in a tertiary health facility in northeastern Nigeria.

This prospective study was conducted at the Radiology department of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, North eastern Nigeria. The study population consisted of 150 consenting adult patients referred for investigations involving contrast administration. Sociodemographic variables were obtained from each patient, and blood samples were collected before contrast administration, at 24, 48 and 72 hours after contrast administration and analyzed for creatinine. Serum creatinine obtained was used to calculate glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) using the CKD-EPI Creatinine 2012 Equation. Contrast induced nephropathy was defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine ≥0.5mg/dl or ≥25% increase from baseline within 48 to 72 hours after administration of contrast media (CM).

The prevalence of CIN was 30% (45 patients), and risk factors were; advancing age (OR=1.346, p=0.009), volume of contrast (OR=2.037, p=0.001), high serum creatinine at base-line (OR=1.601, p=0.006) and low eGFR at base-line (OR=1.767, p=0.003).

Contrast induced nephropathy is a common complication of radiologic contrast studies in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria. Risk factors identified were advanced age >60 years, large volume of contrast >60ml, baseline serum creatinine >150µmol/l and GFR <60ml/minute/1.73m2.