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Related Concept Videos

Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

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Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Microbial Nutrition01:28

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Organisms exhibit remarkable metabolic diversity, categorized based on how they acquire energy and carbon. These strategies enable survival in various ecological niches and are essential for maintaining energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.Energy and Carbon SourcesOrganisms are classified as phototrophs or chemotrophs based on energy acquisition. Phototrophs use light as their energy source, while chemotrophs rely on oxidizing chemical compounds. Further differentiation arises...
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Environmental Applications of Microorganisms01:30

Environmental Applications of Microorganisms

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Microorganisms play a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance by recycling essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as supporting processes like bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production.Microbes in Elemental CyclesIn the carbon cycle, microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing carbon dioxide via aerobic respiration. This carbon dioxide is subsequently used by photosynthetic organisms to synthesize organic compounds, closing the...
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Sulfur-Containing Microbial Natural Products and Their Role in Communal Interactions.

Katherine S Holandez-Lopez1, Dan Xue1, Conor Pulliam1

  • 1Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.

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Microbial natural products rich in sulfur are vital for biological communication and host interactions. This review details their chemical diversity, microbial origins, and mechanisms, highlighting sulfur

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Area of Science:

  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Microbial Metabolomics
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Natural products are key sources of novel chemical entities and biological signaling molecules.
  • Sulfur-containing natural products from microbes exhibit diverse structural motifs (e.g., thioethers, thiazoles, sulfonates).
  • These compounds are found across various classes, including RiPPs, NRPs, PKs, lipids, and terpenoids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a structure- and mechanism-guided overview of microbial sulfur-containing natural products.
  • To cover natural products reported between 2014 and 2025.
  • To emphasize the role of sulfur in encoding interaction strategies in biological systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications from 2014-2025.
  • Analysis of chemical structures and diversity of sulfur-containing microbial metabolites.
  • Examination of reported mechanisms of action and biological activities.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of microbial sources and chemical diversity of sulfur-containing natural products.
  • Elucidation of functional roles in intra- and interspecies interactions (microbe-microbe, microbe-host).
  • Demonstration of activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, and immunomodulatory effects.

Conclusions:

  • Sulfur-containing natural products are crucial mediators of biological communication and ecological interactions.
  • Their diverse structures and functionalities enable complex signaling in microbial communities and host environments.
  • Understanding these compounds offers insights into microbiome dynamics and potential therapeutic applications.