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Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction PPI Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease
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Environmental Factors and Risk of Early-Onset Dementia: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.

Camilla Soncini1, Annalisa Chiari2, Kenneth J Rothman3

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Neuroepidemiology
|December 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Environmental factors like green spaces and light at night may reduce early-onset dementia (EOD) risk, while air pollution might increase it, especially for Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Further research is needed to confirm these EOD associations.

Keywords:
Air pollutionBenzeneEarly-onset dementiaGreen spacesLight at night

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental epidemiology
  • Neurodegenerative diseases

Background:

  • Early-onset dementia (EOD) lacks clear etiological understanding, particularly concerning environmental influences.
  • Investigating environmental risk factors is crucial for understanding EOD development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between environmental factors and EOD risk.
  • To differentiate the impact of these factors on Alzheimer's dementia (AD) versus non-AD.

Main Methods:

  • A population-based case-control study in Northern Italy.
  • Included 326 EOD cases and 1,941 controls, geocoded for environmental exposure assessment.
  • Assessed traffic-related benzene, residential green spaces, and light at night (LAN) using nonlinear modeling.

Main Results:

  • Green spaces showed an inverse association with EOD risk (linear for AD, inverted U-shaped for non-AD).
  • Traffic-related benzene exposure had a weak positive association, primarily with AD.
  • Light at night (LAN) demonstrated an inverse linear association with EOD risk.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest environmental factors influence EOD risk.
  • Green spaces and LAN appear to have protective effects.
  • Air pollution, specifically benzene, may pose a risk, particularly for AD.