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Rabies Necropsy Techniques in Large and Small Animals

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Published on: July 30, 2019

Rabies Cluster Among Steers on a Dairy Farm - Minnesota, 2024.

Carrie Klumb, Malia Ireland, Bonnie Miller

MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

|December 11, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A rare rabies outbreak in Minnesota dairy steers resulted in livestock loss and human exposure. Preventive cattle vaccination is recommended in areas with high terrestrial rabies activity.

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Published on: May 22, 2021

Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Epidemiology
Virology

Background:

Rabies clusters in domestic livestock are infrequent but pose risks for human exposure and economic losses.
Neurologic signs consistent with rabies were observed in steers on a Minnesota dairy farm.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate a rabies outbreak in a dairy farm's steer population.
To identify the rabies virus variant and assess human and animal exposures.
To determine the economic impact and recommend preventive measures.

Main Methods:

Clinical examination of affected steers.
Diagnostic testing including direct fluorescent antibody testing and whole genome sequencing of brain specimens.
Quarantine and vaccination of remaining animals.
Investigation of human and animal exposures by health authorities.

Main Results:

Rabies virus (North Central Skunk variant) was confirmed in three euthanized steers.
An additional three steers became ill and were euthanized during a 120-day quarantine period.
Five individuals received rabies postexposure prophylaxis due to potential exposures.
The outbreak incurred approximately $35,000 in direct medical and veterinary costs.

Conclusions:

The outbreak was likely initiated by a single rabid skunk, though steer-to-steer transmission is possible.
Preventive vaccination of cattle should be considered in regions with high terrestrial rabies prevalence, valuable livestock, and potential human contact.