Biomaterials to biofabrication: advanced scaffold technologies for regenerative endodontics

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Regenerative Medicine
• Endodontics

Background:

• Scaffold systems are crucial for regenerative endodontics, acting as frameworks and delivery systems for bioactive molecules.
• Current research focuses on improving scaffold functionality through nanotechnology, bioprinting, and smart biomaterials.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review scaffold types, functions, and translational challenges in endodontic regeneration.
• To highlight recent advances in scaffold technology and their clinical applications.

Main Methods:

• Classification of scaffolds into natural, synthetic, and hybrid matrices.
• Examination of advanced fabrication techniques like 3D/4D bioprinting and nanotechnology.
• Review of clinical applications of materials such as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM).

Main Results:

• Smart scaffolds offer controlled release of therapeutic agents, enhancing angiogenesis, stem cell differentiation, and infection control.
• Hybrid scaffolds, like collagen-GelMA composites, provide tunable degradation, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties.
• Clinical materials like PRF, CGF, and dECM demonstrate efficacy in promoting root development and healing.

Conclusions:

• Despite significant advancements, challenges in regulatory approval, protocol standardization, and long-term clinical validation impede widespread adoption.
• Future directions include AI-driven design, digital twin simulations, and organ-on-chip models for personalized regenerative therapies.
• Establishing scaffold-based regeneration as a clinical standard necessitates harmonized practices, scalable production, and rigorous outcome assessments.