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Related Concept Videos

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble01:13

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

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The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

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When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
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In a fluid at rest, the pressure at any point beneath the fluid surface depends solely on the depth, not on the container's shape or size. This principle, known as hydrostatic pressure, arises because, in stationary fluids, there is no acceleration, meaning the forces within the fluid balance out. Only vertical forces, caused by the weight of the fluid above, contribute to pressure changes with depth.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids
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Spreading dynamics of drops on a solid surface submerged in different outer fluids.

Yingjie Fei1, Qindan Zhang2, Youguang Ma3

  • 1University of Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|December 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The surrounding fluid

Keywords:
Contact lineLiquid–liquid–solidMicro-PIVSpreadingVelocity fieldsViscosity distributionWetting

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Interfacial phenomena
  • Wetting dynamics

Background:

  • Surrounding fluid viscosity significantly impacts drop spreading, but its effect on internal flow remains unclear.
  • Understanding this interaction is crucial for applications in viscous environments.
  • External fluid influence on internal flow fields and energy dissipation is hypothesized to alter wetting behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how external fluid viscosity modulates internal flow patterns during drop spreading.
  • To quantitatively relate internal flow evolution to contact line motion.
  • To elucidate the coupling mechanism between external fluid properties and wetting dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • High-speed imaging and micro-particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) were employed.
  • Internal velocity and viscosity fields were measured for aqueous drops spreading in air and oil.
  • Dynamic contact angle analysis incorporated hysteresis and pinning; scaling laws were derived.

Main Results:

  • Spreading in air is inertial-dominated with outward flow driven by capillary waves.
  • Spreading in oil is viscosity-dominated, featuring recirculating vortices and slower dynamics.
  • A unified scaling law incorporating outer-fluid viscosity and equilibrium contact angle was developed.

Conclusions:

  • External fluid viscosity plays a dominant role in governing drop wetting dynamics by altering internal flow.
  • The mechanisms of spreading differ fundamentally in air (inertial) versus oil (viscous).
  • A master curve unifies spreading data, highlighting the importance of outer-fluid induced internal flow.