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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Sympathetic Division of the ANS01:19

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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
Originating in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments, the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division exit the spinal cord through the white ramus communicans. They then enter the...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Sympathetic Signaling01:31

Sympathetic Signaling

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Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) onto the ganglionic neurons in the...
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Parasympathetic Division of the ANS01:08

Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates rest and digestion functions in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic division, promoting relaxation, conservation of energy, and digestion. The parasympathetic division consists of preganglionic fibers originating from specific cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4). These fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia, innervating various organs and...
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The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

The Sympathetic Nervous System

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Overview
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Efficient Differentiation of Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Feeder-free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions
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Efficient Differentiation of Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Feeder-free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions

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Sympathetic functional units encoded by genetically defined postganglionic neurons.

Yaru Wei1, Zongya Ma1, Boyan Zhang1

  • 1Institute of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disorders, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Center for Clinical Neuro-AI, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.

Neuron
|December 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered two distinct sympathetic neuron types controlling organ function. One type regulates gut motility, while the other controls blood vessel constriction, revealing a "labeled line" system for autonomic control.

Keywords:
autonomic nervous systemceliac-superior mesenteric gangliagut-brain interactionsympathetic functional unitssympathetic nervous system

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Autonomic Nervous System Research
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The sympathetic nervous system regulates internal organ function via complex pathways.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding the specific organization and function of sympathetic pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize distinct subpopulations of sympathetic neurons within the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglia (CG-SMG).
  • To elucidate the specific functional roles of these neuronal subpopulations in controlling organ physiology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized genetic labeling techniques to distinguish neuronal populations.
  • Performed single-cell transcriptomic analysis to define molecular characteristics.
  • Conducted functional manipulations to assess physiological responses.

Main Results:

  • Identified two molecularly distinct CG-SMG neuron subpopulations: Calb2-positive and Nxph4-positive.
  • Calb2-positive neurons project to the gastrointestinal tract's muscular layer, regulating gut motility.
  • Nxph4-positive neurons innervate blood vessels, acting as visceral vasoconstrictors controlling blood flow.

Conclusions:

  • The sympathetic nervous system employs a "labeled line" logic, with distinct neuronal subsets controlling specific organ functions independently.
  • This discovery provides a refined understanding of autonomic nervous system organization and control mechanisms.