Advancements in the study of exosomes in disease diagnosis and treatment

Exosomes are small, membrane-enclosed vesicles that can originate from a variety of sources and contain a wealth of material. They are involved in physiological processes such as cell-cell communication, cell migration, and anti-tumor immunity, and are linked to the emergence and progression of various diseases, including neurological disorders and cancer. Exosomes have great potential in the area of precise control and targeted treatment of medical conditions. By serving as a unique biomarker of the disease, they can be utilized to observe the disease's evolution and the response to treatment. Besides, exosomes hold the potential to be utilized as drug carriers in clinical treatment, owing to their capability to break through the blood-brain barrier and pass through the cell plasma membrane. In recent years, exosomes have become an emerging hot research topic.The intersection with artificial intelligence technology has notably influenced the diagnosis of exosome-related diseases. The purpose of this review is to present the latest advancements in the use of exosomes for drug delivery and disease treatment. It elucidates the connection between exosomal biomarkers and various diseases, discusses the role of exosomes in early diagnosis and cancer treatment, and offers a systematic and comprehensive overview of the application of exosomes in disease diagnosis and therapy. The challenges in the process of clinical transformation are pointed out, the basic research and clinical transformation of exosomes are promoted, and the future prospects of exosomes are discussed.