Bioleaching Microbial Community Metabolism and Composition Driven by Copper Sulphide Mineral Type

Copper bioleaching is a green technology for the recovery of copper from chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) and chalcocite (Cu₂S) ores. Much remains to be learned about how mineral type and surface chemistry influence microbial community composition. Here, we established a microbial consortium from a copper bioleaching column in Cyprus on chalcopyrite and then sub-cultured it to chalcocite to investigate how the community composition shifts due to changes in mineral structure and the absence of mineral-derived Fe. The solution chemistry was determined and microbial communities characterised by genome-resolved metagenomics after 4 and 8 weeks of cultivation. Acidithiobacillus species and strains, a Rhodospirilales, Leptospirillum ferrodiazotrophum and Thermoplasmatales archaea dominated all enrichments, and trends in abundance patterns were observed with mineralogy and surface-attached versus planktonic conditions. Many bacteria had associated plasmids, some of which encoded metal resistance pathways, sulphur metabolic capacities and CRISPR-Cas loci. CRISPR spacers on an Acidithiobacillus plasmid targeted plasmid-borne conjugal transfer genes found in the same genus, likely belonging to another plasmid, evidence of intra-plasmid competition. We conclude that the structure and composition of metal sulphide minerals select for distinct consortia and associated mobile elements, some of which have the potential to impact microbial activity during sulphide ore dissolution.