Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 8, 2026
Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close-Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing
Published on: December 1, 2023
Voice, Swallowing, Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depression in Post-COVID-19 Patients
Carla Nolasco Colla1, Gabriele Rodrigues Bastilha2, Carla Aparecida Cielo2
1Postgraduate Program in Human Communication Disorders - Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
Objective:
To compare and relate vocal, swallowing, fatigue, and anxiety and depression variables in post-COVID-19 patients following hospital discharge, considering orotracheal intubation (OTI) history, body mass index, laryngeal impairment (LI), length of hospitalization, age, and sex.
Design:
Cross-sectional, observational, field-based, prospective, and quantitative study.
Methods:
In total, 35 individuals of both sexes, aged between 19 and 85 years, hospitalized for COVID-19, with/without OTI-were included and assessed within 45 days of hospital discharge. The following procedures were conducted: anamnesis, otorhinolaryngological examination, and hearing screening. The following were evaluated: vocal parameters of maximum phonation time (MPT); digit reached during numerical counting; asthenia (A) and roughness (R); and swallowing parameters, including laryngeal elevation and wet voice. Self-assessment protocols included voice activity and participation profile (VAPP), hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), and the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy-fatigue scale (FACIT-Fatigue). Analyses were performed with 5% significance. Appropriate tests and regressions were used, with effect sizes (r) and bootstrapped estimates (2000 resamplings).
Results:
Male patients, compared with females, predominantly exhibited R at grade 1 and A at grade 0; showed higher mean values for MPT with /a/, /e/, and /ė/, digit reached in numerical counting, and FACIT scores; demonstrated greater occurrence of R; and presented the following influencing factors: age impacted VAPP and HADS-D scores; the presence of LI influenced R grade; and a history of OTI influenced A grade. Female patients, compared with males, predominantly exhibited R and A at grade 0; showed higher mean scores for HADS-D and HADS-A; were influenced by the following: age affected HADS-D scores and R grade; and a history of OTI influenced A grade.
Conclusion:
Vocal deviations, as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression, may be observed in post-COVID-19 patients and are influenced by sex, age, LI, and OTI history. However, no swallowing or fatigue alterations were observed in the post-COVID-19 patients included in this study.
More Related Videos
04:24Acupoint Application as a Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment for Fatigue Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Published on: September 5, 2025
09:03Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published on: November 7, 2020
Related Concept Videos
01:29Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology
01:25Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:
01:26Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations
01:30Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...
01:18Anxiety: Overview
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
01:24Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications
Classification of Asthma