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High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis

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Ultrafast avalanche photodiode exceeding 100 GHz bandwidth.

Yang Shi^1,2, Mingjie Zou¹, Zuhang Li¹

¹Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics & School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.

Nature Communications

|December 11, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new avalanche photodiode (APD) using a uni-multiplication-carrier concept. This breakthrough achieves record 105 GHz bandwidth and improved sensitivity for high-speed optical communications and sensing.

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Area of Science:

Optoelectronics
Materials Science
Semiconductor Physics

Background:

Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) require materials with a low ionization coefficient ratio (k) for high-speed and sensitive photodetection.
Germanium/Silicon (Ge/Si) APDs offer CMOS compatibility but are limited to tens of gigahertz bandwidth due to dual-carrier multiplication in Germanium (Ge).

Purpose of the Study:

To overcome the bandwidth limitations of Ge/Si APDs by introducing a novel uni-multiplication-carrier concept.
To achieve high-speed and high-sensitivity photodetection beyond current technological barriers.

Main Methods:

Designed a separated absorption-charge-cliff-multiplication structure.
Engineered a gradient electric field distribution within a thin Ge region.
Achieved electron-dominated carrier multiplication with a reduced k.

Main Results:

Demonstrated a record-high bandwidth of 105 GHz at a gain of 7.
Enabled 8×260 Gb/s signal reception, a feat previously requiring gainless detectors.
Achieved a 9 dB improvement in sensitivity.

Conclusions:

The uni-multiplication-carrier concept in Ge/Si APDs transcends previous material limitations.
This advancement enables amplifier-free optical communications, ultra-precise optical sensing, and large-scale optical computing.
The developed APD technology offers significant improvements in speed and sensitivity for optoelectronic applications.