Chronic enteritis triggered by diet westernization is driven by epithelial ATG16L1-mediated autophagy

Macroautophagy/autophagy exerts multilayered protective functions in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) while a loss-of-function genetic variant in ATG16L1 (autophagy related 16 like 1) is associated with risk for developing Crohn disease (CD). Westernization of diet, partly characterized by excess of long-chain fatty acids, contributes to CD, and a metabolic control of intestinal inflammation is emerging. Here, we report an unexpected inflammatory function for ATG16L1-mediated autophagy in Crohn-like metabolic enteritis of mice induced by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) excess in a western diet. Dietary PUFAs induce ATG16L1-mediated conventional autophagy in IECs, which is required for PUFA-induced chemokine production and metabolic enteritis. By transcriptomic and lipidomic profiling of IECs, we demonstrate that ATG16L1 is required for PUFA-induced inflammatory stress signaling specifically mediated by TLR2 (toll-like receptor 2) and the production of arachidonic acid metabolites. Our study identifies ATG16L1-mediated autophagy in IECs as an inflammatory hub driving metabolic enteritis, which challenges the perception of protective autophagy in the context of diet westernization.Abbreviations: AA: arachidonic acid; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; CD: Crohn disease; CXCL1: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GPX4: glutathione peroxidase 4; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IECs: intestinal epithelial cells; PTGS2/COX2: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SDA: stearidonic acid; TLR2: toll-like receptor 2; WT: wild-type.