Recent advances of trace elements in autoimmune thyroid disease

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology and Immunology
• Nutritional Science
• Environmental Health

Background:

• Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), encompassing Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, presents a significant global health challenge.
• Environmental factors play a crucial role in AITD development, with trace elements emerging as key regulators of thyroid and immune functions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize current evidence on the role of essential trace elements (iodine, selenium, vitamin D, zinc, iron, copper, magnesium) in AITD pathogenesis.
• To examine how imbalances in these trace elements affect thyroid physiology and immune homeostasis, potentially triggering autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

• A narrative review of existing scientific literature.
• Analysis of the functions of key trace elements in thyroid hormone metabolism and immune regulation.
• Examination of mechanisms linking trace element imbalances to oxidative stress, immune cell dysfunction, and loss of self-tolerance.

Main Results:

• Trace elements are vital for thyroid function and immune balance; deficiencies or excesses can disrupt homeostasis and promote autoimmunity.
• Specific elements like selenium and vitamin D demonstrate protective roles via antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects.
• Iodine exhibits a complex U-shaped dose-response relationship in AITD. Associations for zinc, iron, copper, and magnesium are emerging but require further mechanistic study.

Conclusions:

• Imbalances in trace elements are critical environmental triggers for the development of AITD.
• Further research is needed to elucidate molecular mechanisms, inter-element interactions, and to develop targeted nutritional strategies for AITD prevention and management.