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MIS-C pathogenesis: immune dysregulation & viral triggers

Tiantian Xu1, Jiamin Zhang2, Xiangyuan Hou2

  • 1Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|December 12, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), linked to COVID-19, involves severe immune system overreaction. This review explores MIS-C causes, focusing on immune dysfunction and SARS-CoV-2, to guide future treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric immunology
  • Infectious diseases
  • COVID-19 research

Background:

  • Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a severe, post-infectious complication linked to SARS-CoV-2.
  • MIS-C presents with systemic inflammation affecting multiple organs, including the heart and brain.
  • The precise mechanisms driving MIS-C pathogenesis are still under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of MIS-C pathogenesis.
  • To analyze the role of immune dysfunction and viral triggers, especially SARS-CoV-2.
  • To discuss potential immunomodulatory therapies and future research needs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on MIS-C.
  • Analysis of innate and adaptive immune responses in MIS-C.
  • Examination of cytokine storm dynamics and molecular mimicry.

Main Results:

  • Immune dysregulation is a key factor in MIS-C development.
  • SARS-CoV-2 infection can trigger inflammatory cascades leading to MIS-C.
  • Complex interplay between viral factors and host immune responses is observed.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding MIS-C pathogenesis is crucial for effective management.
  • Further research into immunomodulatory strategies is needed.
  • Targeting immune dysregulation offers potential therapeutic avenues for MIS-C.

Keywords:
MIS-CSARS-CoV-2childrenimmune dysregulationviral triggers

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