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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions
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Associations Between Age, Heart Rate Variability, and BOLD fMRI Signal Variability.

Jonathan Morris1,2, Stacey M Schaefer1, Yiyi Zhu1,3

  • 1University of Wisconsin-Madison Institute on Aging, Madison, WI, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|December 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiovascular factors like heart rate variability (HRV) influence brain BOLD fMRI signal variance (SDBOLD). Higher HRV is linked to increased SDBOLD, suggesting it partially explains age-related decreases in brain signal variability.

Keywords:
AgingBOLD Signal VariabilityHRVResting State fMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging and Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
  • Heart Rate Variability (HRV)

Background:

  • Age-related decreases in BOLD fMRI signal variance (SDBOLD) are widely reported.
  • Cardiovascular factors, particularly heart rate variability (HRV), may confound these age-SDBOLD associations.
  • Previous research has not sufficiently explored the direct relationship between HRV and SDBOLD, especially within individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between heart rate variability (HRV) and BOLD fMRI signal variance (SDBOLD).
  • To determine if HRV partially explains the observed age-related decreases in SDBOLD.
  • To examine within-person coupling between HRV and SDBOLD using sliding window analyses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of resting-state fMRI data from two independent Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) samples (Core and Refresher).
  • Partial Least Squares (PLS) analyses to assess HRV-SDBOLD and age-SDBOLD associations.
  • Concordance and sliding-window analyses to examine within-person relationships between HRV metrics (SDNN, RMSSD, LF, HF) and SDBOLD.

Main Results:

  • Significant positive associations were found between HRV and SDBOLD across both samples (permutation p<0.018).
  • Whole-brain age-SDBOLD associations were non-significant, contrasting with widespread age-related decreases in SDBOLD (~70% of voxels).
  • Sliding-window analyses revealed robust positive within-person associations between HRV (SDNN, RMSSD, LF) and SDBOLD, independent of baseline levels.

Conclusions:

  • Heart rate variability (HRV) is positively associated with BOLD fMRI signal variance (SDBOLD).
  • Cardiovascular factors, specifically HRV, partially mediate the relationship between age and SDBOLD.
  • Controlling for HRV, particularly low-frequency components or SDNN, is recommended for isolating neural effects in SDBOLD analyses.