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Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2011

Sex Similarities and Differences in Brain Dynamic Functional Connectivity Among Individuals With and Without Autism

Xue'er Ma¹, Matthew K Belmonte², Yueye Zhao¹

¹Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.

Human Brain Mapping

|December 12, 2025

Summary

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) shows shared and sex-specific brain connectivity differences in males and females. These dynamic connectome alterations may inform tailored support for autistic individuals.

Keywords:

autism spectrum disorders brain connectome dynamic functional connectivity gender incoherence sex differences

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Last Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

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Published on: September 12, 2011

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms

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Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Published on: October 17, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Brain Connectomics

Background:

Autistic females are historically underrepresented in neuroscience research.
Limited studies compare neural features in autistic males and females.
Understanding sex differences in autism brain function is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate sex similarities and differences in dynamic brain connectome variability in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
To explore sex-independent and sex-specific neural features using dynamic functional connectivity.
To correlate brain connectome dynamics with autistic symptom severity.

Main Methods:

Utilized a sliding-window approach to analyze dynamic functional connectivity in brain connectomes.
Examined modular, edge, and state variability at nodal, edge, and brain state levels.
Compared 98 autistic individuals (49 female, 49 male) with 98 typically developing (TD) controls from the ABIDE dataset.

Main Results:

Both autistic males and females showed reduced modular variability in the left middle frontal gyrus.
Diminished edge variability was observed in functional connectivity between the right olfactory cortex and right paracentral lobule in autistic individuals.
Autistic individuals exhibited a sex-opposite shift in edge variability between the left amygdala and right anterior cingulate/paracingulate gyri.
Greater autistic symptom severity correlated with reduced maintenance of high-connectivity frontal cortex states.

Conclusions:

Autism spectrum disorder presents both shared and sex-differentiated alterations in dynamic brain connectome features.
Sex-specific patterns in ASD connectome dynamics align with the gender incoherence model.
Findings highlight the importance of considering sex in understanding ASD neurobiology and developing personalized support strategies.