Implementing evidence-based biosecurity protocols in Veterinary Teaching Hospitals: a critical review and guide for...

Veterinary Teaching Hospitals (VTHs) represent complex environments that integrate clinical care, education, and research, posing unique biosecurity challenges. In response to increasing scrutiny from accreditation bodies such as the European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education (EAEVE), there is a growing need for rigorous, evidence-based biosecurity protocols. This review critically analyses internationally recognised protocols - including those of the University of Liège, the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), and leading small animal institutions - as well as scientific literature addressing best practices in infection control. We identify key components of successful biosecurity programmes, including risk-based patient classification systems, standardised hygiene and disinfection protocols, and the mandatory training for staff and students. Particular emphasis is placed on the difficulties encountered in teaching contexts, where high human-animal interaction increases the risk of zoonoses and nosocomial infections. A comprehensive set of recommendations is presented to support the development of scalable and institutionally adapted biosecurity protocols, with the aim of ensuring the safety of patients, staff, students, and visitors in VTHs while meeting international accreditation standards.