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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

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Progress in immunotherapy for resectable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Jun Li1, Binbin Pan1, Yunyan Tai2

  • 1Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China.

Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England)
|December 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors show promise in head and neck cancer treatment, improving survival rates in perioperative settings. Further research is needed to optimize their use and reduce side effects.

Keywords:
AdjuvantImmune checkpoint inhibitorsImmunotherapyNeoadjuvantPerioperativeResectable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Head and Neck Cancer Research

Background:

  • Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) resection has high recurrence rates.
  • Conventional adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) efficacy for HNSCC has plateaued.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) offer advancements in perioperative therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review recent studies on ICIs in perioperative therapy for HNSCC.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of different ICIs and combination therapies.
  • To identify areas for future research in HNSCC treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of four key clinical trials (KEYNOTE-689, NIVOPOSTOP, C-POST, NeoRTPC02).
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes including disease progression, mortality, disease-free survival (DFS), and pathological complete response (pCR).
  • Evaluation of efficacy based on biomarkers like Programmed Cell Death-L1 (PD-L1).

Main Results:

  • Pembrolizumab combined with standard therapy reduced progression/mortality by 34% (FDA approved for PD-L1 CPS ≥10).
  • Adjuvant nivolumab with CRT improved 3-year DFS (63.1% vs. 52.5%), irrespective of PD-L1 status.
  • Adjuvant cemiplimab showed DFS advantage in high-risk skin squamous cell carcinoma (HR=0.32).
  • Low-dose radiotherapy with immune chemotherapy achieved a 60.9% pCR rate.

Conclusions:

  • ICIs represent a significant advancement in perioperative HNSCC therapy.
  • Further research is required to determine optimal treatment strategies, radiation reduction, organ preservation, and biomarker selection.
  • Future efforts should focus on interdisciplinary collaboration for tailored precision treatment protocols to improve 5-year survival and quality of life.