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Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis

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Neuro-ophthalmology of Infectious Diseases.

Aastha Takkar¹, Karthik V Mahesh, Ritu Shree

¹Departments of Neurology (AT, KVM, RS, VL), Ophthalmology (BT), Pathology (DC), and Radiodiagnosis (CKA), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

|December 12, 2025

Summary

Infections can cause serious neuro-ophthalmic issues, affecting vision and brain function. Prompt diagnosis through clinical details, imaging, and lab tests is crucial for managing these diverse conditions.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Infectious Diseases
Ophthalmology

Background:

Infections, including sepsis, contribute to over 20% of global mortality and significant morbidity.
Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations are common in various infections, presenting heterogeneous clinical profiles.
Management of infectious neuro-ophthalmic diseases is challenging due to diverse causative agents and presentations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the key neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of common infectious agents.
To highlight the expanding spectrum of infectious neuro-ophthalmic diseases.
To emphasize the importance of prompt diagnosis in managing these conditions.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature search of electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase).
Review of available literature on infectious agents and their neuro-ophthalmic complications.
Inclusion of authors' personal clinical experience.

Main Results:

Detailed description of neuro-ophthalmic manifestations in bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic, and protozoal infections.
Illustrative examples provided for common infections.
Discussion of direct invasion, inflammation, vascular compromise, and demyelination as mechanisms of damage.

Conclusions:

Infections impact visual pathways and processing, directly or indirectly.
Expanding global migration necessitates awareness of a broader range of infectious neuro-ophthalmic diseases.
Prompt diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, imaging, and laboratory confirmation.