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Fluctuation theorems for autonomous work.

Christopher Jarzynski1,2,3, Sebastian Deffner4,5,6, Saar Rahav7

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces autonomous fluctuation theorems for work and entropy production. These theorems apply to systems interacting with a reversible work source, accounting for mutual backaction, unlike previous nonautonomous models.

Keywords:
fluctuation theoremsnonequilibrium processessecond law of thermodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Quantum Physics

Background:

  • Classical fluctuation theorems for work are well-established in nonautonomous systems where external parameters drive changes.
  • These theorems describe the statistical properties of work done on a system via external manipulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive fluctuation theorems for work and entropy production within an autonomous framework.
  • To account for the backaction of a work source on the system, a factor absent in nonautonomous settings.

Main Methods:

  • Developed autonomous fluctuation theorems by considering a system interacting with a reversible work source.
  • Analyzed scenarios involving Hamiltonian or stochastic dynamics for the coupled subsystems.
  • Investigated the limiting behavior of autonomous theorems as the work source's inertia becomes large.

Main Results:

  • Derived autonomous fluctuation theorems for work and entropy production.
  • Demonstrated that these autonomous theorems reduce to their nonautonomous counterparts under specific conditions (infinite inertia of the work source).
  • Showcased the importance of including subsystem backaction in autonomous thermodynamic descriptions.

Conclusions:

  • Autonomous fluctuation theorems provide a more general framework for understanding thermodynamics in interacting systems.
  • The findings extend the applicability of fluctuation theorems to scenarios without direct external control.
  • This work bridges the gap between autonomous and nonautonomous descriptions in statistical thermodynamics.