Multifunctional metal-organic frameworks: A cross-mechanism platform for non-invasive biosensing across diverse...

Non-invasive biosensing technology analyzes biofluids such as sweat and urine using optical and electrochemical methods, avoiding the discomfort and risks associated with invasive procedures. Enabled by portable devices, it allows for dynamic monitoring, opening new avenues for disease management and personalized medicine. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), characterized by their highly tunable pore structures, ultra-large specific surface areas, and multimodal response capabilities, demonstrate unique advantages in enhancing detection sensitivity and specificity. This review focuses on elucidating the functional roles of MOFs in non-invasive sensing, including mechanisms such as catalysis, fluorescence signaling, carrier, and chiral recognition. Furthermore, it systematically reviews their research progress in the detection of small biomolecules and large biomolecules across diverse biological fluids (sweat, saliva, urine, tears), taking into account the distinct physicochemical properties of each fluid. Finally, the current advantages and limitations of MOFs in non-invasive biosensing are summarized, and future development directions are discussed.