Multomics decipher the mechanisms of bisphenol S-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in Pseudobagrus...

Bisphenol S (BPS), a widespread environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical, has raised growing concerns regarding its ecotoxicological effects. In this study, we systematically investigated the integrated toxicity of BPS exposure using Pseudobagrus ussuriensis as a model aquatic species. Three hundred sixty fish (mean initial weight: 30.42 ± 0.62 g) were randomly allocated into four groups and exposed to 0 (control), 1, 10, or 100 μg/L BPS for 14 days. Histopathological examination revealed significant tissue damage, including gill filament edema, intestinal epithelial desquamation, and hepatic vacuolization. Oxidative stress assessment showed a concentration-dependent elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p < 0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that 10 μg/L BPS exposure markedly altered gut microbial composition, with significant enrichment of Achromobacter and Acinetobacter. Liver transcriptome profiling identified substantial differential expression of immune-related genes (hmgb1, nfκb, and nfκbiα) in the 100 μg/L exposure group. Importantly, Pearson correlation analysis established a significant association between gut microbiota perturbation and hepatic immune-inflammatory responses (p < 0.05). To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that environmentally relevant concentrations (10 μg/L) of BPS can induce significant physiological impairments in P. ussuriensis, offering novel insights into the ecological risks of BPS contamination.