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Tracking the developing brain: Resting-state aperiodic activity reveals nonlinear cortical maturation in

Hongchi Zhang1, Amir Jahanian-Najafabadi2, Khaled Bagh2

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The aperiodic exponent, a brain activity measure, shows a unique U-shaped pattern with age in children with adjustment or oppositional defiant disorder. This developmental trajectory differs from healthy children, suggesting altered brain maturation and excitatory-inhibitory balance.

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Adjustment disorderAperiodic EEG activityAperiodic exponentExcitation–inhibition balanceOppositional defiant disorder

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Child Psychiatry
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Psychiatric disorders are linked to altered excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance, measured by the aperiodic exponent from resting-state EEG.
  • The aperiodic exponent reflects broadband, non-oscillatory brain activity and is sensitive to neurodevelopmental changes.
  • Previous research suggests E/I balance alterations in psychiatric conditions, but its developmental trajectory in childhood disorders is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related variations in the aperiodic exponent in children and adolescents with adjustment disorder (AD) or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).
  • To compare the developmental trajectory of the aperiodic exponent in clinical groups with age-matched healthy controls.
  • To explore the aperiodic exponent as a potential neural marker for externalizing psychopathology.

Main Methods:

  • Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) was used to calculate the aperiodic exponent.
  • Participants included children and adolescents diagnosed with AD or ODD, and age-matched healthy controls.
  • Statistical analyses examined the association between age and the aperiodic exponent in all groups.

Main Results:

  • Healthy participants showed no significant age-related association with the aperiodic exponent.
  • Both AD and ODD groups exhibited a nonlinear, U-shaped developmental trajectory for the aperiodic exponent.
  • The exponent was lower in early childhood and early adulthood, peaking around 9-10 years of age in clinical groups.

Conclusions:

  • The observed U-shaped trajectory suggests deviations from normative brain maturation in children with AD and ODD.
  • Findings indicate temporally specific alterations in cortical E/I balance during development in these disorders.
  • The aperiodic exponent may serve as a developmentally sensitive neural marker for externalizing psychopathology, informing tailored interventions.